Background Global temperatures are on the rise, leading to more frequent and severe heatwaves with associated health risks. Heat-related illnesses (HRIs) are an increasing threat for travellers to hot climate destinations. This study was designed to elucidate the interplay between increasing ambient temperatures, incidence of HRIs and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies during the annual Hajj mass gathering over a 40-year period. Methods An observational study was conducted utilizing historical records spanning four decades of meteorological data, and the rates of heat stroke (HS) and heat exhaustion (HE) during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. With an annual population exceeding 2 million participants from over 180 countries, the study analysed temporal variations in weather conditions over two distinct Hajj hot cycles and correlated it with the occurrence of HS and HE. The effectiveness of deployed mitigation measures in alleviating health vulnerabilities between the two cycles was also assessed. Results Throughout the study period, average dry and wet bulb temperatures in Mecca escalated by 0.4 degrees C (Mann-Kendall P < 0.0001) and 0.2 degrees C (Mann-Kendall P = 0.25) per decade, respectively. Both temperatures were strongly correlated with the incidence of HS and HE (P < 0.001). Despite the intensifying heat, the mitigation strategies including individual, structural and community measures were associated with a substantial 74.6% reduction in HS cases and a 47.6% decrease in case fatality rate. Conclusion The study underscores the escalating climate-related health risks in Mecca over the study period. The mitigation measures'' efficacy in such a globally representative setting emphasizes the findings'' generalizability and the importance of refining public health interventions in the face of rising temperatures.
[1]King Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Biostat Epidemiol & Sci Comp Dept, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia.
[2]King Saud bin Abdulaziz Univ Hlth Sci, King Abdullah Int Med Res Ctr, Expt Med Dept, Minist Natl Guard Hlth Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia.
[3]Federat Saudi Chambers, Federat Saudi Chambers Inst, Riyadh 12711, Saudi Arabia.
[4]Minist Hlth, Riyadh 12382, Saudi Arabia.
(8.0+极速模式)